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1. The Comma [,]
2. The Semicolon [;]
3. The Colon [:]
4. The Period [.]
5. The Interrogation [?]
6. The Exclamation [!]
7. The Dash [ ]
8. The Parenthesis [()]
9. The Quotation [" "]
There are several other points or marks to indicate various relations, but properly speaking
such come under the heading of Printer's Marks, some of which are treated elsewhere.
Of the above, the first four may be styled the grammatical points, and the remaining five, the
rhetorical points.
The Comma: The office of the Comma is to show the slightest separation which calls for
punctuation at all. It should be omitted whenever possible. It is used to mark the least
divisions of a sentence.
1. A series of words or phrases has its parts separated by commas: "Lying, trickery,
chicanery, perjury, were natural to him." "The brave, daring, faithful soldier died
facing the foe." If the series is in pairs, commas separate the pairs: "Rich and poor,
learned and unlearned, black and white, Christian and Jew, Mohammedan and
Buddhist must pass through the same gate."
2. A comma is used before a short quotation: "It was Patrick Henry who said, 'Give me
liberty or give me death.'"
3. When the subject of the sentence is a clause or a long phrase, a comma is used after
such subject: "That he has no reverence for the God I love, proves his insincerity."
"Simulated piety, with a black coat and a sanctimonious look, does not proclaim a
Christian."
4. An expression used parenthetically should be inclosed by commas: "The old man, as a
general rule, takes a morning walk."
5. Words in apposition are set off by commas: "McKinley, the President, was
assassinated."
6. Relative clauses, if not restrictive, require commas: "The book, which is the simplest,
is often the most profound."
7. In continued sentences each should be followed by a comma: "Electricity lights our
dwellings and streets, pulls cars, trains, drives the engines of our mills and factories."
8. When a verb is omitted a comma takes its place: "Lincoln was a great statesman;
Grant, a great soldier."
9. The subject of address is followed by a comma: "John, you are a good man."
10. In numeration, commas are used to express periods of three figures: "Mountains
25,000 feet high; 1,000,000 dollars."
The Semicolon marks a slighter connection than the comma. It is generally confined to
separating the parts of compound sentences. It is much used in contrasts:
1. "Gladstone was great as a statesman; he was sublime as a man."
2. The Semicolon is used between the parts of all compound sentences in which the
grammatical subject of the second part is different from that of the first: "The power of
England relies upon the wisdom of her statesmen; the power of America upon the
strength of her army and navy."
3. The Semicolon is used before words and abbreviations which introduce particulars or
specifications following after, such as, namely, as, e.g., vid., i.e., etc.: "He had three
defects; namely, carelessness, lack of concentration and obstinacy in his ideas." "An
island is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water; as Cuba." "The names of
cities should always commence with a capital letter; e.g., New York, Paris." "The boy
was proficient in one branch; viz., Mathematics." "No man is perfect; i.e., free from all
blemish."
The Colon except in conventional uses is practically obsolete.
1. It is generally put at the end of a sentence introducing a long quotation: "The cheers
having subsided, Mr. Bryan spoke as follows:"
2. It is placed before an explanation or illustration of the subject under consideration:
"This is the meaning of the term:"
3. A direct quotation formally introduced is generally preceded by a colon: "The great
orator made this funny remark:"
4. The colon is often used in the title of books when the secondary or subtitle is in
apposition to the leading one and when the conjunction or is omitted: "Acoustics: the
Science of Sound."
5. It is used after the salutation in the beginning of letters: "Sir: My dear Sir: Gentlemen:
Dear Mr. Jones:" etc. In this connection a dash very often follows the colon.
6. It is sometimes used to introduce details of a group of things already referred to in the
mass: "The boy's excuses for being late were: firstly, he did not know the time,
secondly, he was sent on an errand, thirdly, he tripped on a rock and fell by the
wayside."
The Period is the simplest punctuation mark. It is simply used to mark the end of a complete
sentence that is neither interrogative nor exclamatory.
1. After every sentence conveying a complete meaning: "Birds fly." "Plants grow." "Man
is mortal."
2. In abbreviations: after every abbreviated word: Rt. Rev. T. C. Alexander, D.D., L.L.D.
3. A period is used on the title pages of books after the name of the book, after the
author's name, after the publisher's imprint: American Trails. By Theodore Roosevelt.
New York. Scribner Company.
The Mark of Interrogation is used to ask or suggest a question.
1. Every question admitting of an answer, even when it is not expected, should be
followed by the mark of interrogation: "Who has not heard of Napoleon?"
2. When several questions have a common dependence they should be followed by one
mark of interrogation at the end of the series: "Where now are the playthings and
friends of my boyhood; the laughing boys; the winsome girls; the fond neighbors
whom I loved?"
3. The mark is often used parenthetically to suggest doubt: "In 1893 (?) Gladstone
became converted to Home Rule for Ireland."
The Exclamation point should be sparingly used, particularly in prose. Its chief use is to
denote emotion of some kind.
1. It is generally employed with interjections or clauses used as interjections: "Alas! I am
forsaken." "What a lovely landscape!"
2. Expressions of strong emotion call for the exclamation: "Charge, Chester, charge! On,
Stanley, on!"
3. When the emotion is very strong double exclamation points may be used: "Assist
him!! I would rather assist Satan!!"
The Dash is generally confined to cases where there is a sudden break from the general run of
the passage. Of all the punctuation marks it is the most misused.
1. It is employed to denote sudden change in the construction or sentiment: "The Heroes
of the Civil War, how we cherish them." "He was a fine fellow in his own
opinion."
2. When a word or expression is repeated for oratorical effect, a dash is used to introduce
the repetition: "Shakespeare was the greatest of all poets Shakespeare, the
intellectual ocean whose waves washed the continents of all thought."
3. The Dash is used to indicate a conclusion without expressing it: "He is an excellent
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